Sleep disorders Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sleep Disorders Child Sleep Disorders Is Your Child at Risk? Recent research has proven that children just are not acquiring the pause they need these days. Kids today seem to be doing poorer in school and have less attention spans. Most parents are not aware of a common problem effecting thousands of children in this country ease disorders. Parents often fail to follow there childrens slee signal flagg patterns which washbowl result in some heartrending side effects if that child has a sleep disorder. A study done at Tulane University in New Orleans studied about ccc first graders that preformed poorly in school. They found that 18 per cent showed signs of a sleeping problem. The percentage of children with bad grades found to have sleeping problems was six to club times higher than found in a previous study done over all of the childhood population. (The Toronto Star). Most people believe that sleep disorders only affect adults but in reality 30% of all children have some sor t of sleep disorder. (Burcum). Sleep disorders are defined as a group of syndromes characterized by disturbance in the patients amount of sleep, quality or timing of sleep, or in behaviors or physiological conditions associated with sleep. To qualify for a diagnosis of sleep disorder, the condition must be a persistent problem, cause the patient significant emotional distress, and interfere with his or her social or occupational functioning. (Frey p265). Some sleep disorders can effect children of all ages. The sleep disorder that children are subject to often depends on their age and development. Sleep disorders commute most frequent in the middle-school years. Children often experience more anxiety at this time. (Burcum). The source of the certain sleep disorder cannot normally be pin pointed in every case. Many factors come in to play when dealing with the cause of a sleep disruption. Parental characteristics, personality, psychosocial influences, education, parenting skills, st ress, trauma, school, culture and personal health can all bring about sleeping disorders in young to middle-aged children. Some parents find that there children sleep to much, while others dont sleep enough. Some deign asleep at the wrong times while others cant ever even get to sleep. There are about 100 different sleep disorders being researched currently. Although sleep is a basic behavior in animals as well as hu... ...nd Psychiatry. (1992). 12 Sept 2001. http//www.Ilboro.ac.uk/departments/hu/groups/sleep.com Klein, Hanne. "Troubled Nights". The Dallas Morning News. 1 touch 1999. 19 Sept 2001. http//www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/getdoc.com Kryger, Meir. "Childhood Sleep Apnea". Online Posting. 24 Mar 1999. 19 Sept 2001. http//www.stanford.edu Kryger, Meir. "Children and Sleepwalking". Online Posting. 15 April 1998. 19 Sept 2001. http//www.standford.edu/slpwalking.html Kryger, Meir. "Night Terrors in Children". Online Posting. 10 Sept 1998. 12 Sept 2001. http//www.standford.edu/terrors.html "Night Terrors". The Sleep Tight Video for Sleepless Parents. Excerp. 12 Sept 2001. http//www.sleeptight.com/EncyMaster/N/night.html "Sleep Disorder Affects on Children". The Toronto Star. 11 Sept 1998. 19 Sept 2001. http//www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/getdoc.com "Sleep Problems". Online Posting care of Keep Kids Healty.com. 20 Apr 2000. 12 Sept 2001. http//www.keepkidshealty.com/schoolageproblems/sleep.html "Tipsheet Nightmares, Night Terrors, and Sleep pass". 1997. 12 Sept 2001. http//www.aca.ninemsn.com

Spanish Colonialism and Puerto Rican Identity :: Latin America American History

Spanish Colonialism and Puerto Rican Identity In order to understand the current situation of Puerto Ricans one must look at their history and retrace the sequence of events that led to the current formation of the Puerto Rican people. An important component of this history is the time Puerto Rico spent under Spanish rule. perusing this portion of Puerto Rican history forces us to acknowledge the contribution the Spaniards, European immigrants, and African slaves had on Puerto Rican identity as we consider it today. This also addresses contemporary debates on Puerto Rican identity. An character of this is evident in an essay written by Jose Luis Gonzales entitled Puerto Rico Th Four Storied Country. In the article Gonzales points out what he feels is a disregard toward the African contribution to the Puerto Rican identity. He argues that the first Puerto Ricans were black , based on his interpretation that Africans were the first group to come to Puerto Rico and v omit who did not have ties to a motherland because they were slaves. This is unlike the Spaniard elites and Criolles that demonstrated their commitment and loyalty to Spain. Since they had no other place to go, Puerto Rico was their motherland. Gonzalez also points out that the purification of a region is always the culture of the elite, not the popular culture. Culture of the elite refers to the national culture while popular culture refers to that of non-elites. Therefore the African contribution is often ignored or forgotten about because they were of a lower class. Critics against Gonzales argument claim that he exaggerates the contribution of Afro-Puerto Ricans,and the importance of race, class and ethnicity. Gonzales uses the fable of a four storied building to express the idea of Puerto Rican identity. At the foundation of this building are the natives of the island Boriquen which are the Taino Indians. Every floor that is added to this building represe nts a wave of foreigners that came to the island. The first floor is representative of the Spaniards that came to colonize the island, along with the slaves they brought with them, and the interaction these groups had the Taino Indians.

Beloved by Toni Morrison (review) :: essays research papers

Cincinnati, Ohio, 183. 124 Bluestone Road. Only a mother, Sethe, and her daughter Denver, are living in a haunted house. They are African ex-slaves, survivors of a painful and traumatic life. It is capital of Minnesota D, another slave from Sweet Home, that suddenly comes, who brings back memories of a past that has been long since buried. The more Sethe and Paul D talk about their past sufferings, the more they are healed. However, the ghost that haunts the house remains as a mystery.This book, Beloved, a touching and effective social novel written by Toni Morrison, is a deeply profound reading experience. Morrison uses the same techniques as the most respectable and admirable authors. These include musical comedy language, as she stated I wanted my language to be musical. This technique gives the novel poetic lines, like Lay em down, Sethe. Sword and shield. Down. Down. some(prenominal) of em down. Down by the riverside. Sword and shield. (page 86). Also, she uses small precise images, that are described in detail. With this technique, the reader can feel as if he or she can contemplate the image and see the beauty in it. An example of this is She frowned and looked at her daughter-in-law bending toward the baby. Roses of blood blossomed in the blanket covering Sethes shoulders. (page 93). As the story unfolds, the reader discovers the real human nature of the characters by Morrisons excellent use of stream-of-consciousness. The rememory that takes redact throughout the novel examines a cruel and grubby system of the not-so-old American society. Morrison presents some demonstrative examples of that last century America, that could be called Hell on Earth.Sethe and her family were all victims of slavery in a place called Sweet Home, where they worked at a plantation. Sethe was sexually abused while she was pregnant of a baby she later called Beloved. She was so terribly whipped by the ashen nephews of the owner that she carries permanent scars. After sh e gives birth, she cuts the babys throat. She could not bear to think of the child living slavery.The overall plot consists of sources of conflict that play an definitive role in this story. These are race, gender, family and supernatural issues (which is the presence of

Evolution of Man :: Science Anthropology

Evolution of ManScientists continue to debate the history of man. It is generally agreed upon by the scientific community, however, that public evolved from lesser beings, and this essay will function to provide evidence to support this claim. Several points will be outlined, including the general physical changes that occurred between several spot species on the phylogeny of man, and a discussion of geological dating modes used to pinpoint the age of the fossils. This essay will begin with a brief discussion of dating techniques. In the study of hominid evolution, two main methods of dating are used carbon-14 and potassium-argon dating. Carbon-14 dating involves the decay of radioactive C-14, which has a half life of 5770 long time. This makes this method useful for dating of recent fossils, with good accuracy, up to 50,000 years back. After 5770 years, half of the carbon-14 in a fossil decays to nitrogen-14. Since the balance of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in a live organism remai ns the same as in the environment around them because the organism constantly eats and replenishes it, if it were to die, the ratio would change greatly after legion(predicate) years. It is the difference between this ratio now and the time is died that allows a date for it to be established. Potassium-argon dating, another dating method, is possible due to volcanic ash and rocks instal near many fossil sites. Rocks and ash created in this manner contain potassium-40, but no argon. As time passes, the potassium-40 decays into argon-40. In the laboratory, the sample is reheated, and since argon-40 is a gas, it is released. The ratio of argon-40 released to potassium-40 still present allows for a date to be assigned to objects near the sample. However, due to potassiums high half-life (1.3 billion years), it is only useful as a dating technique for finds older than 500,000 years old. Also, it is only useful where volcanic activity existed. Both these methods have error margins, rang ing from a few thousand years in carbon-14 dating to tens of thousands of years, or more, for potassium-argon dating. However, thanks to scientific breakthroughs, these two processes can be used with reasonable security in establishing a time for fossils. earthly concern have existed on the Earth for approximately 3.4 million years. At least, thats from when the oldest human ancestors have been found. The oldest known human is the fossil Lucy, an Australopithecus, discovered by Donald Johnson and M.

ADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- Explorat

ADHD - Attention shortage and Hyperactivity maladyWhen I first heard about ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder), I thought, Cmon. This psycho-babble has departed too far. I saw psychologists, researchers, lawyers, teachers, parents, all talking bad about this claimed disorder. But what I didnt think about was where this information was coming from. legion(predicate) talk shows have featured ADHD, where self-righteous citizens cheer, boo, and hiss equivalent a jury at about medieval witch trial. A writer for the respectable publication New York magazine wrote ADHD is certainly a suitable disorder for the Nintendo and MTV generationschildren who seem more at home playing computer games than having a suave dinner conversation with their parents, which sounds like it was written by a disgruntled parent rather than an unbiased reporter (Blau 45). And an article in Time ran quotes from learned psychologists like Robert Reid, who said that ADHD is just an ego-pres erving excuse, merely a label of forgiveness (Wallis 42). Newspapers ran these argumentative headlines around Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Deficit Diagnoses and Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder (Perkins A1, Vatz 82). And before I began learning about ADHD, I too was a media-driven skeptic. But, as with most things, knowledge begets understanding. Recent media coverage might kick in one to believe that ADHD is something new, a nineties thing, some vogue malady that somehow explains our disaffected modern youth. Yet the hyperactive child has evermore been around. He was class clown, the kid in the back haggle who never shut up. He was the kid whom the teacher constantly sent out of the agency or to the office. In the past, these were the children... ..., Inattentive, Impulsive, Obstinate. . . . New York Villard, 1990. Josh. individualised Interview. 13 bound 1995. Levine, Melvin D. Attention Deficits The Diverse Effects of Weak Control Systems in Childhoo d. Pediatric Annals 16.2 117-30. Perkins, Kathryn. Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Disorder Diagnosis. Sacramento Bee 5 Dec. 1994 A1. Safer, Daniel J., and antic M. Krager. Effect of a Media Blitz and a Threatened Lawsuit on Stimulant preaching (lawsuits and Ritalin prescription). Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992) 1004. Shaun. Personal Interview. 9 March 1995. Vatz, Richard E., and Lee S. Weinberg. Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder. USA Today Jan. 1995 84. Wallis, Claudia. Life in Overdrive. Time 18 July 1994 42. Weiss, Lynn. Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults. Dallas Taylor, 1992. ADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- ExploratADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity DisorderWhen I first heard about ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder), I thought, Cmon. This psycho-babble has gone too far. I saw psychologists, researchers, lawyers, teachers, parents, all talking seriously about this clai med disorder. But what I didnt think about was where this information was coming from. Many talk shows have featured ADHD, where self-righteous citizens cheer, boo, and hiss like a jury at some medieval witch trial. A writer for the reputable publication New York magazine wrote ADHD is certainly a fitting disorder for the Nintendo and MTV generationschildren who seem more at home playing computer games than having a quiet dinner conversation with their parents, which sounds like it was written by a disgruntled parent rather than an unbiased reporter (Blau 45). And an article in Time ran quotes from erudite psychologists like Robert Reid, who said that ADHD is just an ego-preserving excuse, merely a label of forgiveness (Wallis 42). Newspapers ran these argumentative headlines Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Deficit Diagnoses and Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder (Perkins A1, Vatz 82). And before I began learning about ADHD, I too was a media-driven skeptic. But, as wit h most things, knowledge begets understanding. Recent media coverage might lead one to believe that ADHD is something new, a nineties thing, some vogue malady that somehow explains our disaffected modern youth. Yet the hyperactive child has always been around. He was class clown, the kid in the back row who never shut up. He was the kid whom the teacher constantly sent out of the room or to the office. In the past, these were the children... ..., Inattentive, Impulsive, Obstinate. . . . New York Villard, 1990. Josh. Personal Interview. 13 March 1995. Levine, Melvin D. Attention Deficits The Diverse Effects of Weak Control Systems in Childhood. Pediatric Annals 16.2 117-30. Perkins, Kathryn. Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Disorder Diagnosis. Sacramento Bee 5 Dec. 1994 A1. Safer, Daniel J., and John M. Krager. Effect of a Media Blitz and a Threatened Lawsuit on Stimulant Treatment (lawsuits and Ritalin prescription). Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (199 2) 1004. Shaun. Personal Interview. 9 March 1995. Vatz, Richard E., and Lee S. Weinberg. Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder. USA Today Jan. 1995 84. Wallis, Claudia. Life in Overdrive. Time 18 July 1994 42. Weiss, Lynn. Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults. Dallas Taylor, 1992.

ADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- Explorat

minimal brain dysfunction - upkeep famine and Hyperactivity DisorderWhen I first heard roughly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder), I thought, Cmon. This psycho-babble has gone too far. I saw psychologists, researchers, lawyers, teachers, parents, all talking seriously about this claimed disorder. But what I didnt think about was where this information was coming from. Many talk shows have feature minimal brain dysfunction, where self-righteous citizens cheer, boo, and hiss give care a jury at some medieval capture trial. A writer for the reputable publication natural York clipping wrote ADHD is certainly a fitting disorder for the Nintendo and MTV generationschildren who seem more at home compete computer games than having a quiet dinner conversation with their parents, which sounds like it was written by a disgruntled parent rather than an unbiased reporter (Blau 45). And an hold in Time ran quotes from erudite psyc hologists like Robert Reid, who said that ADHD is just an ego-preserving excuse, merely a label of forgiveness (Wallis 42). Newspapers ran these argumentative headlines Some Skeptical of bang in Attention-Deficit Diagnoses and Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder (Perkins A1, Vatz 82). And before I began learning about ADHD, I too was a media-driven skeptic. But, as with most things, knowledge begets understanding. new-fashioned media coverage might lead one to believe that ADHD is something new, a nineties thing, some vogue malady that somehow explains our disaffected modern youth. stock-still the hyperactive child has always been around. He was class clown, the pip-squeak in the back row who never shut up. He was the kid whom the teacher evermore sent out of the room or to the office. In the past, these were the children... ..., Inattentive, Impulsive, Obstinate. . . . New York Villard, 1990. Josh. Personal Interview. 13 March 1995. Levine, Melvin D. Attention Deficits The Diverse Effects of Weak Control Systems in Childhood. Pediatric Annals 16.2 117-30. Perkins, Kathryn. Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Disorder Diagnosis. Sacramento Bee 5 Dec. 1994 A1. Safer, Daniel J., and John M. Krager. Effect of a Media Blitz and a Threatened campaign on Stimulant Treatment (lawsuits and Ritalin prescription). Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992) 1004. Shaun. Personal Interview. 9 March 1995. Vatz, Richard E., and Lee S. Weinberg. Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder. regular army Today Jan. 1995 84. Wallis, Claudia. Life in Overdrive. Time 18 July 1994 42. Weiss, Lynn. Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults. Dallas Taylor, 1992. ADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- ExploratADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity DisorderWhen I first heard about ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder), I thought, Cmon. This psycho-babble has gone too far. I saw psychologists, rese archers, lawyers, teachers, parents, all talking seriously about this claimed disorder. But what I didnt think about was where this information was coming from. Many talk shows have featured ADHD, where self-righteous citizens cheer, boo, and hiss like a jury at some medieval witch trial. A writer for the reputable publication New York magazine wrote ADHD is certainly a fitting disorder for the Nintendo and MTV generationschildren who seem more at home playing computer games than having a quiet dinner conversation with their parents, which sounds like it was written by a disgruntled parent rather than an unbiased reporter (Blau 45). And an article in Time ran quotes from erudite psychologists like Robert Reid, who said that ADHD is just an ego-preserving excuse, merely a label of forgiveness (Wallis 42). Newspapers ran these argumentative headlines Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Deficit Diagnoses and Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder (Perkins A1, Vatz 82). And before I began learning about ADHD, I too was a media-driven skeptic. But, as with most things, knowledge begets understanding. Recent media coverage might lead one to believe that ADHD is something new, a nineties thing, some vogue malady that somehow explains our disaffected modern youth. Yet the hyperactive child has always been around. He was class clown, the kid in the back row who never shut up. He was the kid whom the teacher constantly sent out of the room or to the office. In the past, these were the children... ..., Inattentive, Impulsive, Obstinate. . . . New York Villard, 1990. Josh. Personal Interview. 13 March 1995. Levine, Melvin D. Attention Deficits The Diverse Effects of Weak Control Systems in Childhood. Pediatric Annals 16.2 117-30. Perkins, Kathryn. Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Disorder Diagnosis. Sacramento Bee 5 Dec. 1994 A1. Safer, Daniel J., and John M. Krager. Effect of a Media Blitz and a Threatened Lawsuit on Stimulant Treatment (lawsuits and R italin prescription). Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992) 1004. Shaun. Personal Interview. 9 March 1995. Vatz, Richard E., and Lee S. Weinberg. Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder. USA Today Jan. 1995 84. Wallis, Claudia. Life in Overdrive. Time 18 July 1994 42. Weiss, Lynn. Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults. Dallas Taylor, 1992.

Auditor Independence – 2

Introduction independency is a fundamental to the reliability of scrutinizeors intelligence informationpaper publishers. It is an attitude of mind characterized by rectitude and an objective approach to professional works. A professional inspector should work some(prenominal) independent and seen to be so. Nowadays, but, the trend of providing non- size up function to analyze clients seem to be sweeping be firms all over the world impacts of freedom impairment caused by this trend should not be ignored.The Meaning of Independence The essential lark of an audit is its independence and, if an accountant performs the accountancy work and then checks it himself, this checking cannot be viewed to be an audit because it lacks independence. From ACCAs Code of Ethics, the definition of Independence is composed of independence of mind and independence in appearance.In general, independence means an auditors opinion must be based on an objective without warp and dis liaisoned ass essment of whether the monetary statements are presented fairly in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. The Importance of Independence in relation to the proviso of assurance The value of audit derives entirely from its independence. Without independence, auditors opinions lack impacts and credibility. The relationship between the auditors and audit clients, however, gives a potential threat to the independence.Influencing Auditors Reports on Clients fiscal Position due(p) to Conflicts of Interests Possibilities of conflicts of interest between firms and clients, where situations such as, connections of an audit firm with associated firms, family and other personal relationships, financial interests in audit client, employment with audit clients, provision of non-audit service to audit clients, may consequently affect auditors. Without the strength of character to withstand such pressure, auditors may be unable to express independent opinions.Preserving Inve stors Confidence in the Financial Market Public confidence in the capital merchandise relies heavily on the appearance of auditor independence. Auditor independence dish ups to ensure quality audits and get the circulations of investment with the capital market. Investor confidence is eroded if investors and other users of the financial statement information do not perceive that the auditor was independent in both fact and appearance. Giving Constructive AdviceAlthough there is no formal obligation, a good auditor will be anxious to offer his client supporter on improvements in the financial aspects of the business if he can give an unbiased independent opinion, where added value is brought to clients and to the wider business community. Lowering Litigations Sustaining independence enables the auditors to objectively report on True and Fair Value of any information undeniable to be disclosed in financial accounts, of which the chances of successful negligence lawsuit to a level acceptable will be sign upd.The Nature of other services provided by the auditors In the classification from APB, non-audit services is composed of any engagement where an audit firm provides professional services to an audited client other than the audit of financial statements, and pursuant to those other roles which legislation or regulation specify can be performed by the auditor of the entity.There are five different natures of non-audit services categorized by activities arising directly from an audit of a companys financial statements, services required to be provided by the auditor by laws, services provided by auditors because of their familiarity with the client and, as a consequence, their ability to perform them in a timely and cost effective manner, services provided because of the pool of accounting and related financial skills getable to accountancy firms, services provided because of the pool of consulting and general business skills available to accountancy firms Critical Discussion of Ethical Code Requirements Independence is part of the accountants code of professional conduct. Under APB Ethical Standards the concept of auditor independence shifted in estimate of objectivity and neutrality in the reporting of the financial position and the results of operations, rather than loyalty to a particular party. The Ethical Standards accord audit firms to offer consulting services such as internal auditing and information technology but are subject to certain restrictions, and audit firms are required to disclose fees received from auditing and all non-audit services.However, without providing clear distinctions which makes grey area exists, the rules should err on the side of caution. Auditors and their clients are likely to continually test the limits of what is permissible, including by litigating restrictions they oppose. UKs Combined Code on Corporate Governance exclusively recommends that audit committees develop policies to govern the fu ture provision of non-audit services, but does not require a pre-approval of non-audit services by audit committees.No specific enforcement mechanism ensures that management does not become involved, directly or indirectly, in selecting auditors or determining audit fees and the scope of audit. Ethical code requirements should focus to a greater extent on the issue of to what extent client management may still be able to influence the audit fee and the scope of audit engagement. Explanation of the Current and Emerging DevelopmentsIn order to increase revenue, recently, accounting firms not only provides auditing services, other services including bookkeeping, financial information systems design, human resources and management functions, valuation, internal audit, tax, legal, investment banking services and expert services unrelated to audit, also provides. There are several reasons leading to the increasing popularity of providing non-audit service, Price Competition Auditing becom es a low-profit activity that clients increasingly search for the lowest prices and the loosest standards.Competitive bidding in auditing created pressure to reduce audit engagement hours. To maintain overall revenues, high profitability of the numerous new consulting and other non-audit services is being offered. Horizontal Integration The rapid issue of business enterprises on a worldwide basis provided large accounting firms with an opportunity to become the preferred providers of a wide range of business services, the revenues from non-audit services for audit clients quickly outpaced the fees from auditing-only services.Audit Effectiveness Providing non-audit services allows accounting firms to perform better audits because they can obtain a better understanding(a) of the clients systems, which can achieve the cost-effective goal. Criticism and Analysis of Independence Impaired by Provision of Non-audit Services The relative increase in reliance on revenues from non-audit serv ices may convey placed increased pressure on auditor independence.The major accounting firms, seems vigorously opposed reforms to eliminate the growing conflicts of interest arising from auditing and consulting for the same client, because of economic bond which the auditor does not want to lose developed between the client and the accounting firm. In order to be much competitive, accounting firms try to reduce audit fees to attractive customers by reducing engagement hours. But this risk-based auditing approach may not detect fraudulent activities. many auditors shifted their concept of independence to becoming trusted advisors to the clients management.Although acting independence in certain situations is acceptable, too often an auditors efforts to help management resulted in concealing true economic performance. It appeared that some auditors ignored their most immediate responsibility to act on behalf of third-party investors or, at a minimum, to be an objective and neutral interpreter of accounting standards. Many non-audit services evolved from requests by audit clients for additional services that their auditors seemed best suited, as well as from the particular skills needed to audit new and complex business transactions.Expanding the scope of the specialists activities helped firms attract and retain people with skills that were increasing heavy to effective auditing. Audit firms management consulting practices have expended far beyond the skills required for audit support and the traditional areas related to financial planning and controls. Independence questions can arise when these services are marketed to audit clients. However, it is obvious that major accounting firms keep bearing legal risks by providing non-audit services to audit clients.Even ethical standard regarding to provision of non-audit services has been revise firms could argue that advanced technology and improved education enabled accounting firms to provide many non-audit se rvices to their current client. Conclusion and Recommendations Independence, both historically and philosophically, is the foundation of accounting profession and upon its maintenance depending on the professions strength and its stature.From my viewpoint, it is undeniable that Ethical standards put efforts on monitoring auditor independence but standing at the point of running the business, accounting firms have woven an increasingly complex web of business and financial relationships with their audit clients. The most common trip of independence impairment occurs because an auditor becomes so close to the client as to be unable to function objectively. The actual cause of the independence problems, however, generally was not wanton disregard rules.Instead, internal control problems may have caused many of the breach where the weak internal control system is unable to trace employees investments. notwithstanding of regulations, area needs to be addressed to improve the auditor in dependence is the audit firms internal control systems, of which all relationships between each auditor and audit clients should be reviewed from time to time. The nature of the non-audit services providing to audit clients maybe different in different era. It appears that there is more mobility of employees and an increase in dual-career families.In the predictable future, keeping prohibition on non-audit services would help medium-sized accounting firms secure additional non-audit work with major clients. On the other hand, the increasingly competitive auditing market and the complexity of international business practices may cause some auditors to reduce their focus on objective and neutral interpretation of accounting standards in favor of becoming a trusted advisor for clients. MMUBS Reference Book Graham W. Cosserat and Neil Rodda (2009) Modern Auditing, 3rd ed. , John Wiley & Sons, LtdDiane Walters and John Dunn (2001) Students Manual of Auditing The fleet to UK Auditing Pr actice, 6th ed. , Thomson Learning M. Shere and S. Turley (1991) Current Issues in Auditing, 2nd ed. , Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd Newspaper Article Internet Copy Editor (2009) Auditor independence important CMDA The Miadhu News. Online 4th November. Accessed on 4th November 2009 http//www. miadhu. com/2009/11/local-news/auditor-independence-important-cmda/ Journal Article Internet Copy Franklin Strier (2006) Proposals to Improve the Image of the Public Accounting Profession CPA Journal, troop 2006 Issue http//www. ysscpa. org/cpajournal/2006/306/essentials/p67. htm C. Richard Baker (2005) The Varying Concept of Auditor Independence Shifting with the Prevailing Environment CPA Journal, August 2005 Issue http//www. nysscpa. org/cpajournal/2005/805/infocus/p22. htm Robert H. Colson (2004) CPA Independence, Present and afterlife CPA Journal, April 2004 Issue http//www. nysscpa. org/cpajournal/2004/404/essentials/p80. htm Carolyn L. Lousteau and Mark E. Reid (2003) Internal Control Systems for Auditor Independence CPA Journal, January 2003 Issue http//www. nysscpa. rg/cpajournal/2003/0103/features/f013603. htm Deborah L. Lindberg and Frank D. Beck (2004) Before and After Enron CPAs Views on Auditor Independence CPA Journal, November 2004 Issue http//www. nysscpa. org/cpajournal/2004/1104/essentials/p36. htm Mario Christodoulou (2009) Debate rages on over KPMGs cut-price Rentokil audit deal Accountancy Age, 20 August 2009 http//www. accountacyage. com/accountancyage/news/2248103/debate-rages-kpmg-cut-price Internet Source Organization NASD Notice to Members 02-19. (2002) Auditor Independence SEC Review of Auditor Independence Rule. Online Accessed on March 2002 http//www. finra. org/web/groups/industry/ip/reg/notice/documents/notices/p003715. pdf Investor Protection (2003) Strengthening the Commissions Requirements Regarding Auditor Independence. Online Accessed on 20th January 2003 http//www. consumerfed. org/pdfs/011303auditor. pdf Public Oversight Board (2 002) Report and Recommendations Chapter 5 Auditor Independence Online Accessed on March 2002 http//www. pobauditpanel. org/downloads/chapter5. pdf APB (2009) Consultation Paper on audit firms providing non-audit services to

Legal & Ethical Environment of Business Essay

In this individual project I will be analyzing and explaining the state of our sound scheme in cost of value orientations as a personal and business standpoint. Secondly I will be figuring out if our level-headed governing body promotes bad ethics and what they argon doing in trying to make it into god ethics. Then lastly I will be going over the place of settle in promoting good legal ethical pr featices in our society as of today.Sate of Our Legal System in Terms of ethical codes honest assessment making begins with the reaction that there is a good versus a bad moral decision to be made concerning a accompaniment condition a correct survival of the fittest established on interests benefiting mortality in some way as different to a incorrect choice established on some corrupt or self-serving concern. It also involves characters to appraise the morality of their own, and often separates, actions (Board, 2012). Ethics ar the resources by which we choose what movements argo n tout ensembleowable and what activities are not.What is less identified is the point that every ethic involves of two quantities an importance that explains what it is that we need more of in our lives, or what we wish to overwork, and a belief, or organization of views, that defines what activities we are to take to acquire more of the worth that we pursue. Still less frequently known is the fact that an ethic whitethorn be effective or unacceptable. Effective ethics create the preferred outcomes an escalation in the standards wanted.Void ethics create the opposite result a decreasing of that which is chased or wanted. As an example, contemplate the ethic implemented by our countrys forefathers. The assessment they wished to exploit was exemption for the countrys societies (excluding maybe women and slaves). The belief system was founded on the values of a democratic re semipublic memorial popular regulation. Each year but two (1865 and 1920) we have had less freedom than the year before (Singer, n. d. ).Today, through the propagation of ever more preventive lawfulnesss, almost every part of our lives is structured or controlled by our county, state, federal, or public governments. Without government authorization we loafernot drive a car, own property, board a plane, modify our home, open a bank account, control a business, consume appointed medication, carry a gun, or do any of a thousand other things that our forefathers and foremothers would have reflected to be our unch altogetherengeable rights.In short, the creators of our country chose to implement an ethic that is unacceptable because its acceptance fashioned the conflicting effect of that anticipated. While we are on the focus of ethics, lets consider two other exact ethics that are particularly appropriate to an considerate of the problem that mortality presently faces. The first I shall mention to as the Power Ethic. This ethic pursues to exploit occasion over others in the influences o f those who accept it. The confidence system that supports this ethic can be summarized by the declaration, Might makes right.In other words, those who can afford to buy artillery and to pay or intimidate young men and women to use those arms in combat have the right to come reason over others for whatever reasons they wish. This is the ethic accepted by those who conceived government as-we-know-it in Sumer eight thousand years ago. This ethic is still the rationale of those who channelize the governments of the world nowadays. At first it great power seem that the Power Ethic is effective because, undeniably, those who have accepted it have prospered in accruing more and more power over their associated men and women.But there are secondary penalties. Incorporated among these are drug addiction, international strife, poverty, hunger, slavery, terrorism, wars, interpersonal violence, bureaucracy, oligarchy, environmental degradation, and all manner of crime. If the visible dev elopment continues it is more than likely that the end outcome will be the total extermination of all human life on our planet thus decreasing the earth to a radioactive residue. Like a universal pest, those who have espoused the Power Ethic will abolish their host and themselves with it. So in the end the ethic is not usable.By contrast, reflect an ethic that picks originality and its logical counterparts as the standards to be exploited. Such means as love, consciousness, objective truth, and development may be measured as reasonable equivalents of imagination, because whenever one of these assets is amplified they are all improved, and vice versa. John David Garcia, the brilliant author of Creative Transformation, called this ethic the Evolutionary Ethic, so I will do likewise (AIU Online, 2013). We might note at this point that all affluence, and eventually all cheerfulness, originates from someones creativeness.The belief system that authorizes this ethic instigates with the c oncept that an act is good if it intensifications originality or any of its logical counterparts for at least one person without limiting or fading creativity for anyone. From this meaning a broad variety of values can be resulting by simple judgment. This ethic, it turns out, is effective. Inquisitively, the acceptance of this ethic normally exploits affluence and happiness, even though these are not logical equivalents of creativeness.In fact, ethics based on the expansion of affluence and happiness are not lawful creating poverty and unhappiness in its place. From this point on I shall use the terms ethical and unethical in place to this ethic precisely. There are numerous other legal ethics which I choose not to discuss in this paper excluding to note that each of them shows, upon close inspection, to be logical counterparts of the Evolutionary Ethic in that they call for the same interactive choices when determining between alternative sequences of action.From the preceding w e can see that mortalitys tolerantproblemis the fact that the worlds governments, without omission, have selected the Power Ethic as their factor basis reasonably than the Evolutionary Ethic or one of its logical counterparts. The bigquestionthat humankind faces today is whether this choice is permanent and if not, what we must do to dodge the disaster that the Power Ethic is leading us toward (AIU Online, 2013). In our legal system in terms of ethics as being a big part of our nations survival and in terms of businesses retention up a good production of products and jobs for eople to live on be able to pay bills and what not.Legal System Promote Bad Ethics In an ethical society freedom is restricted by ethical law. Those who wish to perform in a dependent or destructive manner are prohibited to do so. The inaccuracy of our establishment fathers was to exploit freedom in such a way that the most predacious, parasitic, and normally unethical persons were allowable to command the la w, thereby creating the commands that allowed the ultra-wealthy to control the rest of us. We must reverse this trend if humanity is to survive, let alone thrive.To accomplish this end we must understand the nature of ethical law and disprove the authority of unethical law. To aid in descriptive this peculiarity, I shall mention to unethical laws as government announcements, or simply as pronouncements. If so, might makes right, and anyone who can afford to buy weapons and persuade others to use them to enforce their will has a right to so. This is the premise upon which all of todays governments are founded. This has been the consecutive basis of law throughout the world for at least eight thousand years, since government was invented in Sumer.To answer this question properly, we note first that all law presumes the use of force or power over others. But it takes only a simple exercise of logic to see that the exercise of power over others is only ethical in self-protection agains t someone who has initiated or defenseless the use of force for their own purposes. Therefore, ethical laws are only those that tin defense against such unethical acts. Since everyone has the right to defend themselves against the use of violence, it follows that everyone has the right to delegate to others their specialist to defend themselves.From this we conclude that all ethical laws embody this principle All ethical laws, all legitimate laws, represent a contract under which a group of individuals, each having the right of self-defense, agrees to enforce a joint defense pact. Ethical law can exist for this purpose alone. Additionally, we note that all existing laws, and laws, forbid some act or permit the act only when a tax is paid to the government (AIU Online, 2013). Role of Judges in Promoting Good Legal Ethical Practices The makings of a good judge are the abilities of a good man.There are supplementary demands on a judge, to be sure information of the law, a will to app end judgment until all the indication is in. But at least it must be the complexity and consistency of his mortality that succeed and define the judge (Newton, n. d. ). Those who come before a judge do not sincerely know before whom they stand. The person who manages over the courtroom, covered in the earnest black robes of his or her office, is in that effect less an individual than a sign of democratic standards and an tool of state power.In appreciation of that power and ability, all rise as the judge enters the courtroom and takes the seat, eminent above everyone else in the room, from which impartiality will be noticeable. It is the hope of all, and the principle of most, that this individual will do his or her job well, administration what is by chance our most valuable social good justice. Yet, in most compliments, judges remain unidentified to those who conduct their business before the court.What no one knows, what no one is even allowed to ask, is the character of the person wearing that robe and the ways in which that individuals particular aptitudes will affect the presentation of his or her responsibilities (Newton, n. d. ). The judges I interviewed all acknowledged both that doing their job involved elements of discretion and that exercising discretion was in some measure a reproof of ones own moral values. Yet, each responded to these challenges differently. Judge Meyer appeared most concerned about the subjectivity inherent in judging.In response to my propose that judging elaborate evaluating the ethical character of people in certain ways and that this involved a good deal of indecision (Newton, n. d. ). Conclusion In conclusion, this individual project has really shown me some great ethics, morality and legalities in how to focus on the analysis of each portion of legal systems and role of judges in trying to promote good ethical practices. It just goes to show that in the different analysis in explaining the stat of our legal system i n terms of ethics is a big portion in our societies now days.Although, in going into the legal system in promoting bad ethics is that you never really know what to expect in trying to promote bad ethics with some companies in furthering their demographic. However, in the role of judges in promoting good legal ethical practices is that judges have to stick with a strict process of being good in supporting these laws in the legal system in terms of ethics. So overall I found this assignment to have taught me some great information in trying to come up with the take up research to best complement in delivering the additional material in providing the focus on this topic.

Various Types of Drivers

Various Types of Drivers Drivers come in many different forms and each carry their admit characteristics. When on the road, one can experience several different drivers and their drive habits. The different drivers you experience during your journey whitethorn result in many things such(prenominal)(prenominal) as you being late to your destination or even become part of a car crash. Most motorists would like to make it to where they need to go on time, but how they get there depends on their style of driving as well as the types of drivers they encounter along the appearance.Despite the many driving skills motorists may come across during their journey, they should always drive safely following the rules of the road to avoid any dangerous car collisions. The various types of drivers can be scurvy down into three categories which include non-obedient, careful and reckless. Non-obedient drivers are often the ones who disrupt traffic and sometimes cause traffic jams. They construct poor judgment in performing road tasks such as making turns, using their indictors when necessary and drifting within a traffic lane.These motorists lack the ability to change way in unexpected or dangerous situations. They amaze a tendency to slow down traffic, aggravate other drivers and cause inconvenience for other motorists. They get around to function properly and the proficiency to focus quickly is nonexistent. This causes avoidable accidents and puts their lives as well as others in danger. For instance, there was a time where my mother and were observation the news and a middle aged woman switched from the justly lane into the left lane without using her indicator.The fact that she fail to signal that she was merging into the adjacent lane resulted in her getting rear ended by another driver. Had she done the simple task of using her indicator, this rear end collision could pick out been avoided. Motorist who are more precautious and careful while behind the wheel te nd to have a more decent style of driving. They are commonly more likely to follow the rules of the road. This includes wearing their seatbelt at all times, using their indicators and driving by the appropriate speed limit.They usually have steady niggardness while on the road, which allows their mind to be fully focused while driving. These drivers have a good idea of what is happening in their surroundings and have keen awareness skills which are vital when driving. There was a time when my mom and I were driving and approached a four-way street. The roads on our left and right were obligated to stop and the road in front of us and the only we were driving on had no stop signs. Although we were not required to stop we did.Had we move driving we would have been involved in car accident because a driver required to stop ran the stop sign and would have crashed directly into us. calculated drivers not only look out for themselves but for other motorist as well to ensure the safet y of all drivers while on the road. Drivers that have the least respect for other motorist or the can be known to have a reckless style of driving. These drivers can sometimes be very dangerous because they are not afraid to get a bit irresponsible while on the road.For example they do things like stretch out stop signs, traffic lights and make illegal turns. Motorist like this have a tendency to weave in and out of traffic at fast(a) speeds with no regard for other drivers. For example my brother and I were driving on the highway and one motorist was driving at speed way above the 60mph speed limit. This driver switched in and out of lanes without using their indicators and cut many people off almost causing fatal car accidents. Actions such as these puts many innocent lives at risk and force people to be more aware of their surroundings.The driving skills people have may vary. some(prenominal) drivers experience the different types of motorist on a daily basis. Drivers should a lways follow the rules of the road and avoid any distractions while driving. Many drivers fail to do so putting themselves and others at risk. This can result in fatal car crashes that could have been avoided if motorists were more cautious when driving. Drivers should always maintain good driving skills, not only to guarantee their own safety but the safety of others while on the road.

Fostering Youth to Become Champions of Tomorrow

Name of Essay Fostering Nepalese callownessfulness to dumbfound Champions of ReformDesigning a Better Future for the Country Name of Author Sushil Kumar Mahato. Department of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakaria university, Multan, Pakistan. Age 21 years Contact emailprotected com Mobile tot up 00923326019248 I have a special dream for the ground. I have a dream of New Nepal in which every citizen owes his own home as I do . Every citizen has access to basic ask of food and clothing.Every citizen is provided with opportunity of job which fits him well as per his qualification. Every citizen has access to facilities of healthc atomic number 18 and bringing up for his family as I do . Every citizen has cope with access for various opportunities without any disparity based on sex, race ,religion ,regional variations ,political influences and economic status of an individual. These needs and aspirations of Nepalese citizens must be addressed by the constitution of New Nepal. I have dre amt of it today and to fulfill the dream of New Nepal is the aim of my life. refuse to dream early days.How give the sack Nepal line up with the developing countries when half of its population comprising of jejuneness is facing hard times struggling to meet the needs of his family in the gulf countries? How can Nepalese society lead to peace and prosperous if major(ip)ity of young children are deprived of proper education due to poverty, analphabetism and lack of awareness? How can Nepalese society march ahead in path of progress when large population of female offspring is lifetime their life in a strong feeling of hatred, insecurity and fear in their own home? The 21st century is the generation which says no discrimination based on g shoemakers laster .The world has progressed a lot in terms of gender development and emphasize on gender equity. Female are as competent as males in every sector of life but still a great number of Nepalese young women is facing gender discri mination in their own homes. As majority of rural society is facing gender crises, the agony of most rural young girls can be heard in such voices, Am I born as a Jewel and pearl, Then, why do my parents hide me from the world, My brother goes to groom and is well fed, I word hard even have to struggle for food,But the fate of jewels is to give shine to each(prenominal), Then why do my parents make me motion in the fields all the day long, With mud and in the hot sun, Why cannot they distinguish my sweats and tears, Do I have to live all my life with fear? Its my great aspiration to fight against all these circumstances and lead a country toward prosperity but as 21 years old I know my limits. However, knowing my limits doesnt mean that I cant try to dream about c interruption the blot . We are the present spring chicken of our nation and we have the power to change the country to a greater extent than any political science.If this happen the change along with the impact would be massive. Earlier the question used to be, what can the country do for youth? But at present age the question should be turned into what youth can do for the country? Presently Nepal is undergoing through internal conflicts, which has been emerged from the unrealized rights, demands and aspirations of citizens. Constitutions drafting has been halted and the constituent assembly had gone unnatural death as it was fade out without drafting constitution on 28th May 2012.About 25 percent of the members of constituent assembly were among youth categories but they could not come across better mappings in constitutional drafting process They were just used as the vote bank by the political parties. Imbalances of power, sense of ideological supremacies, identity politics and absence seizure of strong law enforcing mechanism has led the nation to internal conflict . In these situation the influences of foreign interference has been increased in last few months particularly from neighb ours of Nepal i. e India and China.Nepalese youth are responsible for all these critical situations directly or indirectly as they are largely involved in politics. callowness should be fitted to convince their leaders and entire Nepalese residential area for the right options and suitable role models for the issues such as state reconstructing which is hanging out . One of the most easiest and most powerful ways for youth population to participate in important decisions and issues is by exercising their voting rights . Youth must promise today that they testament not select any corrupt, killer, dishonest leader to represent the people for drafting the new constitution.An important role of every young generation is to vote for those who think is right to lead the country toward a better future. The youth have the benefit of being able to learn from past mistakes, therefore, the political choices and voices of every generation should become smarter, sharper and more critical. I n theory this depart lead us towards a more equal and democratic world. The problem facing by youth is the lack of technical education. If youth is trained and educated in the right manner, they will butterfly a very constructive role in nation building.They will help the government and state and private institutions in implementation of national policies. Whereas , if Youth is not in the right direction and is unconcerned about the future of the Nation, it will just be a burden for the nation as a whole and will play no productive role. Properly educated and given right opportunities they can play a significant part in lifting themselves, their families and communities out of poverty. Currently Nepalese Youth are facing several problems. The most critical problem being faced by our youth is unemployment.Unemployment is a multi-dimensional and complex issue which starts a vicious circle of associated problems like involvement of youth in politics, bank and household burglaries, so cial insecurity, lawlessness, use of drugs etc. Youth are the building blocks of nation. Employment sector should be created as per need of youth. The situation of Nepal is quite different now. In history of the country the good intelligence operation is that a few year ago new ministry called Youth and sports ministry has been formed to address the problems facing by the youths.A few years ago the then government has launched self employment fund for the needy people and various skill training were given to youth to generate their own jobs, but it could not be implemented effectively and little or no progress was achieved. The youth community should unite together for the improvement of employment sector and also they should consider the government to make strategies to develop industrial sector. Also Proper agreement should be made between the government and foreign employment providers to reduce and end the violence Nepalese youth are facing aboard in employment.A number of civ il service reform commissions have been constituted and recommendations made for strengthen Nepal Civil Service. Despite five decades of experiments with democratic practices, the behavior and mind-set of politicians and bureaucrats have not changed significantly to introduce civil service reforms on a result-oriented basis. Youth have incredible energies, talents and unquestionable love for their country. The passion of our youth in the time of disaster like flood, earthquake is the best examples of unity and patriotism for the country .A separate civil service for youth should be established and youth should be emphasized to involve in it. Youth can bring major changes in the efficiency of the services provided to the public in quick and reliable way. Another serious drawback which is hindering development process is the Corruption. Youth should be actively participation in the developmental activities to correct the irresponsible behavior shown by the authority. Questions such as , How much money is being spent and how is it being spent? Is that roadway being built correctly and transparently?Is that community of Muslims being treated fairly? How can the Government of Nepal in Kathmandu help the rural community? can be aroused which would largely control the corruption at local level. Youth today have the perfect opportunity to emulate his approach, especially as the country now moves towards state restructuring. There can be more opportunities to engage in local development as NGO workers and in local Political body in DDCs and VDCs, which although have atrophied over the past two decades are the countrys great hope.Thats where Nepali youth can play a great role in decision making and seek accountability. Poverty is another major problem of our nation. instantly youth must promise today that they will not let any poor people to die from hunger and will try to convey the needy people and help them as per ones capability. The youth hopes for a world free of poverty, unemployment, inequality and exploitation of man by man, a world free of discrimination on the grounds of race, language and gender, a world full of creative challenges and opportunities to conquer them.Youth must promise today that they will try to help each other and will clean their mind from any kind of prejudice, bias, hatred and will treat all others as equal to them. Further they must make a commitment today that they will help the society for the promotion of education, honest and conscious. Lets convert these hopes into reality. Our youth in the grim situation finds no other consolation resort to the use of drugs. Growing use of narcotics is becoming a major problem of our youth. such(prenominal) practices should be strongly discouraged through youth campaigns.Youth are the hopes of the country for tomorrow. To contribute in nation building they should study hard now so that they could become a skilled person in the future and can participate in the developmenta l works of the country. The youth can learn a lot from past mistakes and with time will become more intelligent and more prepared. Last but not least, the role of media in upbringing our youth has been minimal throughout the history of Nepal. Most of the youth find our Tvprogrammes non-entertaining and unattractive.The influences of western fashion and lifestyles have influenced the Nepalese society to a large extent. As a consequence of cultural invasion, our youths role in promoting our country has been dismal. Youth of Nepal should strongly discourage such practices through youth compaings and media can play an important role in this regard. The youth of today can do a marvellous job for the nation. With all the modern means of this computer age, where everything seems to be possible, why cant the youth override the things done by the people in the past?We always consider the heroes of the past to be the cone-bearing characters. But today the youth with the proper use of the mod ern facilities should be evergreen characters for the times to come. Nepal can become a developed nation just now if youth contribute to the best of his or her capacity and ability. Youth is wholly experimental and with the full utilization of their talents they will certainly be the champions of reforms designing a better future of tomorrow and Nepal will become a complete nation. Today there is a hope, we have opportunity. ets give clear gist to youth community, Lets involve together. We are strong. Let me end my writing here with an inspiring quote said by the great leader Mahatma Gandhi, You may never know what results come of your action, but if u do nothing there will be no results . I am confident, with the active participation of youth the country will emerge stronger, more stable and ultimately more prosperous in the history of Nepal and the Youth of Nepal will be the example for the developing world. References 1. www. usaid. ov. com. article titled, Nepali Youth and the Political Process From the Inside as well as Outside 2. www. usaid. com. article titled, optimistic about the Role of Youth in Nepal 3. www. weitz-centre. org. Article/handbook. Youth participation in developmentstrategies and best practices. 4. A debate compiled by me on the topic, backup women to join law enforcement and judicial systemorganised by Women social organization Multan Pakistan dated 20th,April 2012 under gender equity program by obligate of USAIDS.A copy of proof of my participation is attached with this. 5. www. moys. gov. np. articletitled,National Youth policy 2010. Ministry of Youth and sports. 6. Eassy compiled by me as called by National Human right commission. titled, umpire and dignity for all of us. A written appreciation letter for my work is attached with this. Attached Alongwith 1. A copy of my citizenship. 2. Appreciation letter (as mentioned in the reference. ) 3. certificate of participation in debate(as mentioned in the reference)

It210 Final

IT 210-Final capital Conversion Program Florence Sanders IT/210 Fundamentals of Programming with Algorithms and Logic September 16, 2012 Ed Addison Application-Level Requirements List 1. User screen that prompts drug user 2. scupper prompts main user title screen 3. main user screen provides short description explaining use of program 4. Calculations of silver is executed with sensible inputs 5. exits option to clear input fields Input Process Output bills Type silver tote upExchange graze Get user input Currency Type Currency Amount Currency Type Foreign Exchange Currency Currency Type Enter currency amount Calculate total Currency Amount Foreign Currency amount Convert to US dollar US currency amount Currency TypeCurrency AmountExchange appraise Display results Conversion of foreign currency into US Dollars Main Module Main Module Display_Resluts Module Display_Resluts Module Get_Int_Value Module Get_Int_Value Module Display_Menu Module Display_Menu Module Convert_Curre ncy Module Convert_Currency Module Control descend plotMain Control Begin Display Menu Quit ? Provide exit message Display Menu Yes No Convert Currency Display results End Begin Display Menu Quit ? Provide exit message Display Menu Yes No Convert Currency Display results End - Control Flow DiagramDisplay Menu Begin Selection posting Valid selection ? wrongful conduct 4 remove menu selection No Yes End Quit ? Yes Provide exit menu Quit corroborate ? Yes Take selection from user Get_Int_Value No Conversion Verified ? No Yes No Begin Selection menu Valid selection ? Error 4 Invalid enu selection No Yes End Quit ? Yes Provide exit menu Quit Verified ? Yes Take selection from user Get_Int_Value No Conversion Verified ? No Yes No Control Flow DiagramGet_Int_Value Tell user to enter number Tell user to enter number Take input from user Take input from user Error message Error message Error message Error message Control Flow DiagramConvert Currency French ? French ? Nipponese? ? Japanese? ? Mexican? Mexican? Begin Canadian ? Rate=Canadian Rate English ? No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Rate =Mexican rate Rate=pound rate Rate=Japanese rate Rate = French Rate Rate = 0 . 0 US Value =Rate*Int_Value End Begin Canadian ? Rate=Canadian Rate English ? No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Rate =Mexican rate Rate=pound rate Rate=Japanese rate Rate = French Rate Rate = 0 . 0 US Value = Rate*Int_Value End Control Flow DiagramDisplay_Results Nation=French Currency=Francs Nation=French Currency=Francs Nation=Japanese Currency=Yen Nation=Japanese Currency=Yen Nation=English Currency=Pound Nation=English Currency=Pound Nation=Mexican Currency=Pesos Nation=Mexican Currency=Pesos Japanese ? Japanese ? English ? ? English ? ? Mexican ? Mexican ? Canadian ? Canadian ? Invalid Selection Invalid Selection Final Project Currency Conversion Psuedocode Main Module Declare selection as integer Declare currency Type as Integer Declare internationalistic Value as real Declare US Va lue as real Do while user wants to come to Display Menu Get International Value Convert Currency Display Results End Loop Print exit message End Main Module Display Menu Declare continue as Boolean Set continue = true While continue = true Display invite to the international currency conversion program Display Please make a selection Display international Currency Types Display 1 Canadian DollarsDisplay 2 Mexican Pesos Display3 English Pounds Display 4 Japanese Yen Display 5 French Francs Display 6 Quit Display Enter a selection Input Currency Type If Currency Type = 1 AND currency Type 0 AND international Value

Personal Development in Health Essay

Outcome 1 Understand what is required for competence in let work character referenceDescribe the duties and responsibilities of own work role.On a day to day basis the daily jobs are as followsDaily weekly jobsAm survey money tinsVisual check of home and exteriorSupport clients in BreakfastSupport Clients in getting up and showering if requisite medication at 9amHandover form Early to Mid shift if neededSupport clients in their jobsOwn administration jobs to be completed throughout day inc SWIMS, Time Sheets, Emails, objectives, my musical mode forward etc. Link working with clients Answer phone, and complete anything as it comes inPrepare lunch and dinnerMedication at 1pmHandover to PM faculty at 2pm as long as is neededPM need to check money tinsCheck jobs and clean etc if neededSupport clients as needed4.45 medication before M shift goes5.30 evening meal is servedAny PM specific cleaning jobs9pm Sleep shift comes on with Handover9.30 Evening Medication is givenSleep shift ch ecks fridge and freezer temperaturesSleep specific jobs see cleaning list by microwaveClosing checks of theatre serve clients to bed if neededOn the wider scale my job is as followsJOB PURPOSETo provide care and weather to individuals residing in a Registered Care Home setting.CLIENT SUPPORT To actively seek to empower service users to gain and maintain control over all aspects of their lives To support clients with personal care as detailed in care plans developed by others ensuring they are treated with dignity and respect at all times To undertake tasks as say by Senior Registered Support Worker and/or Service Manager To support clients with laundry activities To order food for the RCH and/or support clients with shopping To support and /or accompany clients to collect benefits or other Continues for 9 more pages Read full document Full access is free for premium users. extend to Library (0) DownloadPrint Report this EssayFacebookTwitterGoogle+SendRate This text file4.5 1 2345Read full documentFull access is free for premium users.Document DetailsViews 168Words 2433Related EssaysUnit 332 Engage in pPage 1 Kathryn Di Terlizzi Unit 332 Engage in personal knowledge in health, social care10 Pages October 2013Engage in Personal DevelEngage in personal development in health, social care or childrens and young peoples settings.6 Pages October 2012Sc32 Engage in PersonalSC32 Engage in personal development in health, social care or childrens and young peoples10 Pages March 2013SHC 32 Engage in personSHC 32 Engage in personal development in health, social care or childrens and young peoples6 Pages March 2014Unit Shc22 IntroductioSHC 22 1.1 Describe and explain the duties and responsibilities of your own work role.7 Pages November 2011

Porter Airlines Swot Analysis Essay

TCAA (Billy Bishop City Airport) The location of this airport, combined with the TCAA/ gatekeeper strategic partnership offered significant advantages to Porter. Owning airport infrastructure allowed Porter to better handle operational coast and better control the customer experience. Fleet Only using a single aircraft (Bombardier Q400 with 35%) resulted in cost savings in maintenance, training, employee settle rate and airport fees. Amenities In flight and airport value-added services fortify Porters brand help coax target market. failingBrand Awareness in America Porters international strength lies in Canadian customers flying to the U.S. It is much more costly to attract American passengers heading to Canada. Developing awareness in the U.S. could be very costly. No U.S. customs pre-clearance passengers must pass through customs upon arrival. This can endeavor delays and inconvenience to customers.OpportunitiesCustomer Loyalty The highly flexible fare structure Porter of fers to customers is very appealing to business travelers who need to travel on nearsighted notice and often rearrange their travel plans. Porter also offers the VIPorter customer reward program. Free travel is very appealing to rat travelers. Corporate concentrate on Combine with large companies whose employees travel frequently. Offer these companies a reduced price and high frequency of flights based on certain popular business routes.Threats emulation Air Canada has sufficient market share to attempt to undercut Porter and push it out of the market by using very low prices and frequent flyer programs much like they did against City Express in the early 1990s. Generating Capital Growth requires enormous capital in the Airline industry. As a private company, Porters financial performance is unknown. This could make it very difficult to raise capital without releasing important performance information. Air Canada right Suit A federal court is to rule on whether or not Jazz was pushed off of the Island Unfairly. If Jazz is permitted to return to the island they could compete directly with Porter and will likely undercut Porter as they did with City Express.

Report on Pizza Hut

breed and Marketing Strategies of pizza pie shanty A PRESENTATION give notice (of) ON PIZZA shanty PESHAWAR ACCEP TED TO SIR IMRAN WAZIR ACC EPTE D BY ADNAN KHAN MUJAHID HUSSAIN NAVEED SAEED SHAHZAD TAHIR ZARTASHIA ARSHAD BBA (HONS) C 1st Semester launch of focusing Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan summon 1 Report and Marketing Strategies of pizza chanty TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Topic permitter of acceptance Executive summary History of pizza pie gate & History Of pizza pie chanty pizza army hut Mission controversy Comparative Strategy bloke study Segmentation Positioning Tar crushing pizza pie hut Strategies Functional Level Strategy TQM (Total prize guidance) stock Level Strategy Pricing Strategy Market Sh atomic chip 18 Four Ps of Marketing ? Product ? expenditure ? Place ? Promotion Conclusion References paginate Number 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 build of foc ussing Sciences, Peshawar PakistanPage 2 Report and Marketing Strategies of pizza pie army hut LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE To Mr. Imran Wazir, proofreader IM Sciences, Peshawar. Subject PREPARATION OF REPORT We argon Hereby Presenting the presentation on Company pizza pie chanty and assure you submission of our report in compliance with the instruction envisaged. Name of topic is repeated for create reference please. Marketing Plans & Business report on pizza shanty Yours sincerely, Adnan Khan Mujahid Hussain Naveed Saeed Shahzad Tahir Zartashia Arshad Date act on 03, 2009 bring of trouble Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 3Report and Marketing Strategies of pizza pie hovel EXECUTIVE stocky During the quondam(prenominal) four decades Pizza chanty has built a reputation for excellence that has earned the measure of consumers and industry experts a the like. Building a leading pizza company has required relentless innovation, commitment to gauge and dedication to customer o perate and value. The qualities of entrepreneurship, growth and leadership fetch characterized Pizza sea chanteys art concern through more(prenominal) than four decades of success. Through the strength of its heritage, its culture and its people and franchisees, Pizza Hut looks forrad to more success in future.There argon unlike objectives of each organization. In nine to earn these objectives antithetical fools be set. Targets pass down the hierarchy depending on the nature of the tune. Therefore, in order to hit the objectives, management decides on unalike strategies. These strategies atomic number 18 carve up into many sub-parts and ar useful for the running of the business. The employees and the management jockey what they have to achieve through the scratchs which have been set to them and the strategies they have leaseed help them know the way they leave derriere achieve the objectives.Similarly, Pizza Hut has different targets set to them and they have choose different strategies to successfully achieve the targets set. These targets are set by the RSC i. e. the restaurant support centre in Karachi. These targets are passed on to the RGM (restaurant general manager) and he passes them to the workforce. These targets f every(prenominal) within the organizational structure in which there are many people who have different targets to achieve. In order to successfully achieve the targets they need to co-operate and work in a friendly environment. Institute of charge Sciences, Peshawar PakistanPage 4 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut HISTORY OF PIZZA Ab give away Pizza, Some will tell you Italy. Thats wrong. What you know as pizza came into vogue or so the time of Napoleon and the French revolution. Italians, known to be lovers of fine aliment for thought and wines amend and imported this terrific dish to the States. From here it quickly endeared itself to mass production and re-export to the rest of the world. Bo n appetite insertion & HISTORY OF PIZZA HUT In 1958, Frank and Dan Carney had an idea for a great local pizza restaurant in Wichita Kansas.The gloomy 25 seat restaurant only had room for 9 earn on the sign the building looked like a hut so Pizza Hut was born xv years later, we unfastened the prime(prenominal) UK restaurant and since then weve be rise the biggest Pizza Company on the planet, Let see listen Pizza Hut Story from them 1958 Frank and Dan Carney exposed the first Pizza Hut in Wichita, Kansas. 1972 1000 restaurants are open throughout the USA. 1973 Pizza Hut went international with restaurants in Japan, Canada & England. The first UK Pizza Hut opened in Islington, London. 977 PepsiCo bought Pizza Hut. 1980 Pan Pizza was presentd. 1982 The UK joint punt started in the midst of PepsiCo and Whitbread. 1984 Over 50 restaurants so far in the UK. 1986 By now, there were 100 restaurants in the UK and 5000 worldwide. 1987 An number of one restaurant o pened each(prenominal) week in the UK. 1988 The UKs First Delivery Unit was opened in Kingsbury, London. 1992 There were 9,000 restaurants in 84 countries. 1993 There were 300 restaurants and delivery stores in the UK. 1994 10,000 Pizza Huts were open for business. 1997 PepsiCo decided to focus on their drinks business.As a result, Tricon Global Restaurants was born, creating the largest restaurant brand in the World. Tricon became the collaborationist company with Whitbread. 1999 Pizza Hut had over 400 restaurants, employing 14000 people. 2002 Tricon Global became YUM Brands Inc. 2006 Whitbread sold their share of the joint venture to Yum Brands Inc. Pizza Hut UK Ltd was now 100% owned by Yum 2008 We bought Godfathers Pizza in Ireland with 28 stores. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 5 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut Pizza Huts Mission StatementWe take pride in making a perfect pizza and providing courteous and helpful serve up on time all the time. Every customer says, Ill be back We are the employer of choice religious offering team members opportunities For Growth, Advancement, And Rewarding Careers in a Fun, Safe Working Environment. P. E. A. R. L. S ? PASSION for excellence in Doing everything ? EXECUTE with positive energy and urgency. ? ACCOUNTABLE for growth in customer satiscircumstanceion and profitability. ? RECOGNIZE the work of opposites and have fun doing it. ? LISTEN and more importantly, respond to the voice of the customer.Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 6 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut COMPARATIVE STRATEGY This forced contenders to look for clean orders of join on their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer natural nonpizza items such as Buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the equal. They all try to come up with some newer, bigger, better, pizza for a wiped out(p) price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well.For example, chicken is now a common transcend found on pizzas. In the past, Pizza Hut has always had the first mover advantage. Their foodstuffing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main(prenominal) strategies that they still follow today is the variegation of the products they offer. Pizza Hut is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new commercialises. For example, in 1992 the famous return was launched in Pizza Hut restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food items for customers who didnt necessarily compliments pizza.Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Pizza Hut is always trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly different different enough that customers will think its a hearty new product. For example, lets look at some of t he pizzas Pizza Hut has marketed in the past. In 1983, Pizza Hut introduced their Pan Pizza, which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when eat at Pizza Hut restaurants. In 1993, they introduced the Bigfoot, which was ii square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices.In 1995, they introduced Stuffed Crust Pizza, where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997, they marketed The Edge, which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently, they are merchandise The Big New Yorker, trying to bring the famous New York stylus pizza to the whole country. Lastly, Pizza Hut has always valued customer service and satisfaction. In 1995, Pizza Hut began two customer satisfaction programs a UAN (in USA 1-800) number customer hot aura and a customer call-back program. These were implemented to make sure their customers were happy, and always wanted to return.In our plan, we will first give a state of affairs abstract of current and relevant environment al conditions that affect our plan. Next, we will give a brief abridgment of the current fast food industry, and any trends or motleys that might occur in the future. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 7 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 8 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut ENVIRONMENTAL AND INTERNAL ANALYSIS OF PIZZA HUT In our visit to Pizza Hut we conducted research on PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis.In the internal abbreviation of Pizza Hut we have considered SWOT of the Company. PEST (Political, Economic, Social & Technological) i. POLITICAL ISSUES Political issues include restrictive frame work operating in judicial system which may affect the business in different ways. There are not many political reckons in Peshawar affecting Pizza Hut as is lack of contender. Factors such as laws on business employment, pollution and taxation apply on the organization which it has to follow regarding the rules. ii. ECNOMIC FACTORSIf the countys economy is better so the GDP of the country will be good, this is a green signal for the business as the per capita income of the people will be increased and they will expire more money. In our survey we came to know that most of the people in the beginning of the months spend more and they visit pizza hut very often. When the inflation rate increases the cost of raw stuff to a fault increases and this leads towards high prices of the products and vice versa. iii. SOCIAL FACTORS Pizza hut is a multinational and it is basically originated from America so the organization is overwhelmed by western culture.There are social forms of society which consist of pep pill class, middle class, middle upper class, lower class and lower class. Every country has cultural norms, values, spirits and righteousness which bath affect the organization. iv. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Now a days technology is im proving so as baking and heating ovens will be of new and efficient technology and will allow efficient service. Due to new technology there are new ways of marketing like internet telemarketing and the organization eject advertise their products with much more faster pace.Computer found customer data that is MIS (managing information system) helps in collecting customer data, daily transactions, future forecasting and termination making. New vehicles will make their service more efficient. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 9 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut SWOT ANALYSIS Every organization has its strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats. So, the SWOT analysis for pizza hut is as under Strengths Pizza Hut is the market leader in providing different products of pizzas as there are no contests in this sector.There good moving picture makes the organization more strong. Pizza Hut is providing good judgment, shade products with qualified s taff, good atmosphere and hygienic environment. They are specialise in pizzas. Motivation aim of staff is very high which make the organization more prosperous. They are ISO (International Standard Organization) certified. They have enough resources for operating different activities of the organization. They are providing let go home delivery service. They have created monopoly in this sector.Another big Strength and even a Competitive Advantageis the fact that they have a full service restaurant as well as delivery services. Most of Pizza Huts competitors do not have restaurants. Because of the restaurant, Pizza Hut fanny market too many different segments that other pizza chains cannot. For example, Pizza Hut can market to families much easier than Dominos or Little Caesars. Weaknesses However, the fact that Pizza Hut does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Pizza Hut has high overhead costs, due to the restaurant that other competitors dont have to deal with.Another result of high overhead costs is higher prices Pizza Hut must charge. Obviously, Pizza Hut is not the low cost producer. They rely on their flavor pizza and good service to account for their higher prices. They are providing less die hard of products comparatively with high prices. They are more focused on Western taste instead of Eastern. Opportunities New markets can be explored and new opportunities they can gain. Pizza Hut can come up with the new products considering the Eastern taste of the people as like McDonalds. Diversification of new products can increase their arket share. They can reduce their prices because of more resources. Threats Pizza Huts number one threats are from their competitors. Currently, Their closest competitor is Dominos Pizza who is working to open their Branch at Karachi. Dominos main agonistical advantage over Pizza Hut is their Lower price. ii. Little Caesars who is establishing their self in India and might move to i. Institute of Management S ciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 10 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut Pakistan is another one of Pizza Huts competitors, right behind Dominos in market share.Little Caesars is famous for offering large quantities of pizza for less money. iii. New submission like Dominos pizza in Pakistan market can affect their market share. iv. Other local restaurants can affect their market share by providing pizzas with lower price. v. Social factors can affect their image as a Western organization. SEGMENTATION Main segments which Pizza hut has captured are the combination of higher incomes and dual career families , due to higher income consumer have more disposable income , allowing them to eat out more often .Pizza Hut hires the most market share in the Pizza industry, the perceived quality and service of the company will help to ensure a better the average chance at a successful introduction of a new product. The introduction of a product that keeps with today trends is also impo rtant to reduce the risk of failure. Pizza Hut maximal market segment is junior genesiss. These generation ranges from 12 to 30, the overall spending of these generations is mostly on non essential items, the higher amount of spending has been through with(p) on eating out.POSITIONING Pizza Hut was among the first multinational brands to enter the food retail sector in Pakistan. When the first Pizza Hut restaurant opened in Karachi the quick service industry was at a nascent stage and the pizza category was dominated by a sole regional player who had a marginal presence. Pizza Hut went on to play a significant role in pioneering and developing this category in Pakistan. Worldwide and in Pakistan, Pizza Hut has come to become synonymous with the best pizzas under one roof.This is because at Pizza Hut the belief is that every pizza has its own magic, thus making it a destination product which everyone seeks. It is this belief that has ignite the passion to create, innovate and s erve the finest product the industry has to offer, while setting standards for others to endeavour to replicate. Pizza Hut is committed to providing uncompromising product quality, offering customers the highest value for money and giving service that is warm, friendly and personal. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 11 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza HutA critical factor in Pizza Huts success has been its unique dining experience. Crew members at Pizza Hut strive each day to provide CUSTOMER MANIA the kind of service that ensures that every visit of the customer is a memorable one. Pizza Huts constant endeavor to provide extra value whether it is pizzas which are ready(prenominal) to lawsuit every price range, new promotions or the introduction of innovative product ranges that puts a Yum on every customers face has allowed it to increase its presence in Pakistan to the current 38 restaurants across 9 cities.Institute of Management Sciences, Pe shawar Pakistan Page 12 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut Market Targeting Pizza hut targeted market defines them as a family product. This is because they dont really like a shot market their customers. They are target everyone whereas their competitors target a certain gender or age. But pizza hut targets a wide range of customers. This is because they want to make the most money and who blames them. They have many competitors and they are bound to try everything to deal up tops. Their competitors are everywhere.There are just a few that are main competitors and pizza hut will always try to be the best and get the most money by making their products better quality only also cheaper. They try to offer something different with their product as well. They offer a range of stuffed crusts to try and attract customers. They also do vegetarian options with meet free pizzas and a salad and pasta bar. Not a lot of restaurants offer a salad and a pasta bar. This is another com petitive idea to attract or customers. STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY PIZZA HUTA businesss strategy is the fig of decisions and actions that are taken by the business to achieve its ends. A business has a variety of goals and objectives. totally businesses need to organize their business activities in order to achieve their business objectives. Running a business involves planning the current as well as future activities. Hence, in order to achieve the business objectives, all business organizations adopt different strategies. Similarly, Pizza Hut has adopted many strategies which help achieve the targets set by the main office to the local store opened at Peshawar.Changes are the remote as well as internal environment has led Pizza Hut rethink their past strategies and has therefore designed new strategies after noticing the changes in the environment. These environmental changes are seen through the PEST and SWOT analysis. After considering all the factors Pizza Hut has decided upon th e strategies and their current strategies are divided into five main categories and further have sub-parts. These strategies are Functional Strategies These are strategies designed to improve the efficiency of a businesss operations.They often focus on an area, such as marketing, human resource etc. All business organizations adopt strategies at functional level as once the functional objectives are achieved, corporate objectives become easy. In order to make the functional strategy efficient, Pizza Hut has made all the functional departments co-operate with each other. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 13 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut Total Quality Management (TQM) This is the most important for a food chain like Pizza Hut. All the employees backof-the-house i. e. the kitchen assistants are trained accordingly.They are given extra classes in order to meet the quality standards set by Pizza Hut around the world. This strategy is important in o rder to satisfy the CHAMPS. This strategy is rigorously implemented in Pizza Hut in order to fulfill the quality standards. Different quality management staff is also there at Pizza Hut. The shift managers have the task to chance upon whether the quality standards are met or not, whereas there are a total quality management department at the main office in Karachi. This department has the task to implement quality standards and know whether they are achieved or not.Business Level Strategy Business level strategies are plans made to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals in a market. Hence, all the businesses need to adopt business level strategies in order to compete in a competitive environment. If we take a look at the Pakistani market, there are no large competitors of Pizza Hut but unlimited small competitors exist in the market. The threat of competitors is very low as there is no international food chain offering pizza in Pakistan at present. Therefore, present strategi es adopted by Pizza Hut are retentivity in consideration the present competition.Whereas, in future this competition will increase and Pizza Hut will have to change all its business level strategies in order to compete with its rivals. In very near future Dominos is opening its first branch in Karachi. This would be a threat for Pizza Hut and hence, the strategies would be changed. Pricing Strategy The level of competition a business faces determines its set strategy. Sometimes a business has the scope to set its price and sometimes a business cannot. When a business has the scope to set its price there is a number of price strategies or policies it might choose.As there are no such competitors of Pizza Hut which could compete with the quality of pizza produced at Pizza Hut, therefore, the set strategy adopted by Pizza Hut is market skimming. Pizza Hut has adopted this pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. This is a golden era for Pi zza Hut, as there are no competitors and hence, Pizza Hut is free to charge any price they want. They are charging higher prices due to the uniqueness of the product. They satisfy the target market as the food quality is value the price paid.The pricing strategy is not just to get the worth Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 14 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut of quality but also to gain maximum profits before any competitor enters because then Pizza Hut will have to change its pricing strategy. Although the prices would be lowered with the new entrants in the market but not to a greater extent as the quality food products are not home-produced. They are imported from different countries keeping in collect the best quality. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 15 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza HutMarket contend As there are Dozens of Pizza Suppliers Globally Providing function in different part of the World, but Piz za Hut is the One who got the Bigger Market Share Globally. This is the Survey taken by www. survey. com that Pizza Hut is having 48% of Overall Pizza Market in the World. After that Dominos is leading with a percentage of 20% while the rest 32% is divided in the Remaining Pizza Providers Globally. MARKET SHARE OTHERS 32% PIZZA HUT PIZZA HUT 48% DOMINOS OTHERS DOMINOS 20% Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 16 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut FOUR PS OF MARKETINGPRODUCT Product refers to the actual program you are planning. The goal of pizza hut is to develop the best product with the resources available. Pizza Hut sells pizzas in four different sizes personal (an individual serving), small, medium and large, though most stores have done away from with the small size. A variety of toppings are available, plus specialty styles, including Meat Lovers, Pepperoni Lovers, Cheese Lovers, Veggie Lovers, Double Cheeseburger, lordly, Super Supreme and the ne wly introduced Pizza Mia. The pan pizza has a thicker crust than most other commercially available pizzas . o their products have help them to retain their customers and to increase them . they provide their customers with complete nutrition plan and rubicund food is guaranteed. The nutrition plan also clearly tells diabetes patients can use what range of food at pizza hut. Over weight patients are also satisfied and the pizza with less cholesterol can be ordered. This encourages the customers to visit pizza hut rather than going elsewhere. As pizza hut has to throw out its sales in the existing markets, so they the new food products are introduced in all branches line-byline because all branches are operated in co-operation with one another.Different products for different regions are also developed as there are choice differences. Pizza hut offers a long list of products and never aghast(predicate) to offer new products like in Peshawar according to market they introduce the ve ry first Chapli Kabab Pizza which was very healthy product by Pizza hut in this region. There are a lot many products according to different geographical places. Like in India they have got there veg pizzas, which has a large market there BUT not the Cow Meat Pizza. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 17 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza HutPRICE . As there are no such competitors of Pizza Hut which could compete with the quality of pizza produced at Pizza Hut, therefore, the pricing strategy adopted by Pizza Hut is market skimming. Pizza Hut has adopted this pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. This is a golden era for Pizza Hut, as there are no competitors and hence, Pizza Hut is free to charge any price they want. They are charging higher prices due to the uniqueness of the product. They satisfy the target market as the food quality is worth the price paid.The pricing strategy is not just to get the wort h of quality but also to gain maximum profits before any competitor enters because then Pizza Hut will have to change its pricing strategy. Although the prices would be lowered with the new entrants in the market but not to a greater extent as the quality food products are not home-produced. They are imported from different countries keeping in view the best quality. First, this pricing strategy will help segment the market. Different groups of customers are willing to pay different prices for the same product.The high/low pricing strategy will also create excitement. The pricing strategy adopted by Pizza Hut is market skimming. Pizza Hut has adopted this pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. This product will emphasise product and service quality PLACE/DISTRIBUTION It refers to the best place to offer program. That is the place where it is located and through what channels are we distributing programs and the competitive advantage lie s in distribution. The pizza hut Peshawar is situated out of the market area near Army Stadium and Shami road.This site has been chosen keeping in view the following factors. It is in an out of centre location on retail or Leisure parking area with good parking accessibility. Secondly the catchment area is of a specified minimum size and within a given drive time to the site. Distribution The type of distribution channel used by Pizza Hut is the direct channel. The direct channel is successful when there is an extremely large market that is geographically dispersed. The direct channel is also useful when there are a large number of buyers, but a small amount purchased by each.Pizza Hut uses three different methods of selling its products directly to the market. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 18 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut i. The first method of distribution used by Pizza Hut is Home. Office delivery. Customers can call Pizza Hut ahead of t ime, place an order, and the order is delivered to the customers home. can go to the nearest Pizza Hut, place an order and either leave with the order or eat at the restaurant. One of Pizza Huts largest competitive advantages is its restaurant style facility.Pizza Hut offers a clean place to sit down and enjoy the variety of pizzas, salads, and sandwiches in a fun, family atmosphere. ii. Another method of distribution is for customers to dine-in. Customers iii. The third method of distribution is to order Online. Selective County Customers can now go on the Internet and place an order for Pizza. This method is useful because it allows customers to view the entire menu, download any special coupons, and order without having to disclose any credit card numbers. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 19 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut PROMOTIONThe objectives of promotion are to introduce a new product, stimulate demand, change the short-term behavior of t he customers, and encourage repeat or greater usage by current customers. Pizza hut uses many promotional strategies. The main promotion is a coupon to purchase. This promotion is also distributed mainly by mail, but also by fliers on college campuses around the country in order to reach the target market. They are using billboards on main decant places to get there customer. They are also distributing door to door brochures to capture more and more customers. Pizza huts also using marketing techniques.These are the strategies Pizza hut is using for its marketing. Pizza huts trys to attract the younger generation as their main market segment. Apart from this Pizza Hut is using intense marketing strategies they are also giving ads in magazines. Advertising camping will creates awareness of the products in our target markets. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 20 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut CONCLUSION Pizza Hut has many targets which it has achi eve in a given period of time. The time-period is mostly a year. Therefore, in order to fulfill the targets different strategies are adopted by Pizza Hut.It can be cogitate that these strategies have been successful and there is flexibility in the strategies, as they can be changed with the changes in the market conditions as well as the targets. Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 21 Report and Marketing Strategies of Pizza Hut REFERENCES Mr. Amir Zeb, Shift Manager, Pizza Hut, Peshawar Mr. Hamad Zeb, Shift Manger, Pizza Hut, Peshawar Lower staff of Pizza Hut, Peshawar Google lookup Engine www. definitions. com www. answers. com www. about. com www. wikipedia. org www. pizzahut. com Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar Pakistan Page 22